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Falkland Merino Ewe and lamb |
Tuesday, 29 July 2025
Falkland Merino - The Falkland Islands
Wednesday, 23 July 2025
Gotland (Gotlandsfår) - Sweden
Gotlandsfår, more commonly known as Gotland, is a breed of sheep from Sweden that was developed in the 20th century from the more primitive Gutefår (also known as Gute or Gotland Outdoor sheep) by breeding them with Karakuls (from central Asia) and Romanovs (from Russia) in the 1920's and 1930's. There is a geographical coincidence to the breeds origins on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea.
They are fine boned and medium sized sheep. Both sexes are polled. They have black heads and legs, which are free of wool, although white markings may appear on the top of the head or around the nose and mouth. The tail is short with a hair covered tip. Rams weigh around 75-85kg and ewes weigh around 55-70kg. They are docile and friendly, although older rams can become quite aggressive.
They are bred mainly for their sheepskins and meat and because the focus has been on producing good sheepskin the double coat has been replaced by a fleece made up of purely guard hairs. They are the only Swedish sheep breed that is it not in a conservation program due to the high numbers of them, 15,817 breeding ewes as of 2021. Whilst their sheepskins are popular in Europe, elsewhere their fleece is prized by handspinners.
The wool of the Gotland is quite unusual. It closely resembles a fine mohair or an English lustre longwool more than it does it other Northern European Short Tail breeds to which it belongs. Lambs are quite often born black and the fleece will lighten with age and continue to lighten throughout their lives. The predominant colours are a range of grey that starts with a very pale silver grey right through to charcoal grey that is very close to black. Black, brown and white fleece can be found but are quite rare. Different strains of Gotlands have different fleece characteristics but they all have great length, lustre and a well-developed wavy crimp.
Commercially processed top is known to often be more matte and coarser than when it is hand combed from fleece when it seems to be shinier and softer and two can feel like completely different breeds. I have personally experienced this difference.
It can be spun into smooth or heavily textured yarns and the beautiful clean unspun locks often decorate other textiles. It can be felted and it is more comfortable in next-to-skin items that would be expected of other fibres in the same micron range. Fabric can be lightweight, durable and drape well whilst also possessing a subtle gleam
There is a strain of Gotlands in New Zealand that has been bred for increased fineness and their wool was used to make the Elven cloaks worn by the main characters in all three of the Lord of the Rings movies.
Fleece weights are usually 2.5kg-5kg and the staple length can be variable but usually 7.5cm-18cm (3-7 inches) but sometimes they are sheared twice a year to produce staples that are 7.5-10cm (3-4 inches). In terms of fibre diameters, lambs can be as fine as 18 microns to low mid-20s and adults range from 27-35 microns. The locks are relatively long, high lustre, really wavy and sometimes curly and they feel silky. The tips of the locks often turn brown. The natural grey colour is beautiful as it is but can be dyed, with the natural grey influencing the shade and tone of resulting colour.
The fine fibres can be a bit flyaway, especially in dry climates but the locks can be spun directly from the locks, flicked, combed or, if you have shorter fibres, you can card. Gotland lends itself to be spun into fine yarns far easier than being spun into bulkier yarns. Prepared fibre for spinning appears quite fluffy but when it is spun the yarn will have a heavier feeling to it and will have a lot of drape. Its quite slippery too. It can be spun woollen style from batts or rolags, which will give texture or you can spin worsted style from top for fine shiny drapey yarns.
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I bought this breed in as 105g of unwashed raw fleece that was part of a sample pack that featured 8 different Swedish breeds that I purchased back in early May 2022 from a lady called Anita Grahn based in Uppsala, Sweden. I was going to add a link for Anita and her shop but when I looked her last social media post was in October of 2024 stating that she was in hospital and she has not posted anything since and her online shop is empty as of April 2025. I do hope she is OK. However, I can provide a link to Swedish Fibre, a small business run by Sandy Zetterlund who has a passion for knitting, wool, spinning and now a passion for bringing these beautiful fleece from these rare conservation sheep kept by small farmers into the limelight and put them in front of similarly passionate hand spinners like myself who care about ensuring the future and continuation of these rare and unique breeds. The demand for and sale of the fleece from these rare breeds really do help the survival of the breed.
There doesn't appear to be much different between the dirty fleece above the washed fleece below in terms of colour but when I was sorting the fleece out prior to washing, 11g of second cuts was removed reducing the amount straight down to 94g and once it was washed and dried this became 84g.
When I combed this in May 2022 I got 55g of hand combed top from it. I thought it might be enough but then I decided to add 50g of some commercially prepared Gotland that was in my stash. The colours are quite different with a slight brownish cast to the commercial prep.
To even this out I split lots into two equal amounts and then used my blending hackle to physically blend and combine the different colours together to give a more even colour. I lost an amount of the shortest fibres from both types of prep in the blending hackle prongs but the colour is now more even and I have a nice 91g to spin.
As this wool leans more towards a Longwool type than anything else, the yarn produced will be a heavier, more dense type of wool and will have good drape. I spun this over 3 days, 5th, 6th and plied on the 7th July 2025.
It has spun up as a 16wpi yarn, although it does feel a lot heavier in the hand than some other yarns, that would be down to the denseness of this type of wool. It is 89g/249m and it is not as soft as other Gotland that I spun in the past. I knit the panel for my project over a couple of days 21st-23rd July 2025, due to the hot, sticky, humid weather. This and the small sample for my scrapbook used up 25g/70m of yarn.
Thursday, 3 July 2025
Perendale - New Zealand
The Perendale was developed in the 1950s as a dual-purpose meat and fibre breed for use in steep hill situations by Geoffrey Peren at Massey University in New Zealand. Peren crossed Cheviot rams on Romney ewes to produce this breed. Although Perendales were first imported into the USA in 1977, they are still rare in North America. They are a medium-sized longwool sheep that does well in cold and wet climates. Both sexes are polled.
The number of this breed has increased since the 1980s because hill-farming has increased and these sheep are perfectly adapted to that kind of terrain. Rams generally weigh 100kg-118kg and ewes weigh substantially less at 54kg-68kg. These are very much a commercial breed of sheep that were bred to replace the pure breed Romneys that had deviated from its original type over the years and were no longer doing so great in the hilly areas of the north island of New Zealand, despite the fact that they had been on the land since 1853. Perendale's are bred for their meat and wool and it is hard to find any really good concise information about them as they are not really the kind of sheep that people take to shows.
Perendale is a bouncy wool, which will spin up with a spring to it, as opposed to the compact sleekness of English longwools. This lofty quality can add warmth to sweaters or cushioning qualities to rugs, depending on the fineness of the fibre and your plans for using it.
There are both finer and coarser ranges within the breed, and New Zealand standards have moved toward the coarse end of the scale lately in response to market demands and husbandry realities. Thus some sheep are producing wools for general knitting yarns whilst others grow fleeces best suited for harder wearing textiles like rugs, bags and upholstery.
Fleece weigh 3.4kg-5kg with staple lengths of 4-6 inches (10cm-15cm). The fibre diameters are usually 28-35 microns but in New Zealand there is a shift more towards 30-37 microns.
The fibres have even crimp with low lustre and free of kemp or black hairs. They are usually white, although there are some coloured flocks. The fleece will take dye well but not with the same clarity that other longwools do and without any shine. It can be spun straight from the lock, be flicked or combed although if you have a fleece that is short you can card that. The fibres will capture air and be bouncy, if you are spinning worsted you may need to spin finer than you would usually to allow for bloom. Yarns will be slightly crisp and will be good for texture stitches and patterns.
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I brought this breed in as 100g of pre-prepared fibre from World of Wool ready to spin in May 2022.
Friday, 27 June 2025
Zwartbles - The Netherlands
The Zwartbles was developed in the early 19th century in Friesland by crossing the Friesland milk sheep (a short-tailed polled sheep) and the Schoonebeker (horns and hairy) to graze behind a dairy herd. The name means "black with a white blaze". A naturally tame and gentle milking sheep they are traditionally used for milk and meat with the wool being an afterthought. There numbers declined in The Netherlands to about 500 with only about half of them being considered as purebred until the Dutch Rare Breed Survival Trust listed them as critically rare in the mid-1970s. Most were living on just 6 farms at the time and they started a flock book in 1985 as the numbers had increased once again, in part due to the interest of the black wool with hand spinners.
Tall with a long body, completely black with a white blaze from the top of the head to the nose, two white socks on the back legs and a white tip on the tail. The medium-fine wool shades through brown to black. A UK breed society was formed in 1995 after the breed was first imported in the early 1990s and it was only after that that the fibre was made available. In 2011 there were over 750 Zwartble flocks registered with the UK breed society
Zwartbles are quite large with rams weighing 100kg and ewes 85kg. Fleece weigh 3kg-4.5kg with a staple length of 4 -6 inches (10-15cm) and fibre diameters of 28-34 microns. The fleece is dense so any sun-bleaching to the tips will not travel far into the length of the staple. The wool is medium to fine with excellent crimp and is very dark and probably one of the blackest black fleeces available in the UK. Its not really worth trying to dye fleece from this breed, unless you have an amount of white or silvery fibres in the fleece and you are dying it black. Because of the amount of crimp, yarns will be bouncy and make cosy items. Yarn produced is definitely for more durable items than luxury items, so hats, gloves, cardigans and household textiles as the crispness will emphasize stitch definition.
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I brought this breed in as 100g of commercially produced top from John Arbon Textiles in July 2022.
I spun both singles and plied them over two days, 13th and 14th June 2025, spinning a bit finer than my first attempt with spinning this breed, which went way off course in terms of final yarn weight produced and ended up as a Double Knit. This time I managed to achieve a yarn that is around 14wpi, fingering weight yarn, and close enough to be used in my project at 103g/392m.
I'm not sure of the actual date that I finished knitting up the panel, as I have been ill with this new type of flu/Covid variant that has been going around. It has hit me for six and knocked me off my feet but I am still trying to carry on and at least do something towards my project, even if it takes me 3 times as long to do anything.
I hope that you can read what this says, it does actually say Zwartbles on the top with a line underneath it and The Netherlands underneath that. Ii is really hard to get the wording to show up on the darker wools. This and my scrapbook sample used up 17g/65m of yarn.
Sunday, 22 June 2025
Zwartbles - DK weight yarn
Saturday, 14 June 2025
Icelandic - Iceland
The Icelandic sheep belongs to the Northern European Short-Tailed group of sheep and, as the name suggests, come from Iceland. Introduced by the Vikings between 870 and 930CE when they made settlements in Iceland, with some more added a few years later. Since then, it has been illegal to import more sheep into Iceland and so this breed has developed in almost total isolation, without any genetic input from any other sheep breeds, making the Icelandic breed one of the world's purest livestock populations. They are grown primarily for meat in Iceland and the breed is best known elsewhere for its fleece and there are established successful and distinctive markets for their wool. These sheep provide 25% of the island nation's agricultural revenue.
The Icelandic is larger than most other breeds in the Northern European Short-Tailed group but it is generally short-legged and stocky, slender and light-boned, and usually horned, although polled and polycerate (many horned) animals can occur. The face and legs are free of wool. The ewes are highly prolific with the chance of twins being very high and there is a gene that is carried by some ewes called the þoka (Thoka) that can result in the birth of multiple lambs at a time.
Within the breed there is a strain that is called Leadersheep, which carries a hereditary ability or predisposition to be especially intelligent and these sheep play important roles in the flock and can lead other sheep safely over dangerous ground and alert others to hazards like predators and storms. These sheep are specially identified and bred. In 2000, the Leadersheep Society of Iceland was founded to conserve them.
Until the 1940s it was the predominant milk producing animal in Iceland. In the 21st century it is reared principally for meat, which accounts for more than 80% of the total income derived from sheep farming. In 1978 there were approximately 891,000, or about four sheep for every inhabitant of Iceland. By 2007, the total number had fallen to about 450,000. In 2018 numbers fell again to around 432,000.
Icelandic sheep can be found in a whole range of colours, white, tan, brown, grey, black and mixed colours too. Colour inheritance is similar to that of other sheep but these display more variety and pattern than other breeds and some of the variations are unique to the Icelandic.
Icelandic sheep grow double-coated fleece. The finer undercoat is called þel, in English spelt as thel (the initial letter is a character known as thorn, pronounced with a th sound) and this insulates the animal against the cold. The outercoat is called tog and this gives protection from windy, wet and cold weather and is not as coarse as other outercoats in similar breeds, in fact, it can be a bit more like mohair and sometimes more of a silky quality. They have the ability to naturally shed their fleece but most often they are sheared.
Fleece weights are generally 1.8kg-3.2kg and aren't very greasy and have yields in a wide range from 50%-90%, with the highest figure being where both types of fibre have been used. The outer coat can be 28-40 microns and 4-18 inches in length (10cm-45.7cm).The inner coat has a diameter of 19-22 microns and 2-4 inches in length (5cm-10cm). The two types may be used separately or spun into a single yarn. The coats are easiest to separate after they have been washed by catching the sheared end of the lock on a carder or comb and just tug on the long outercoat fibres. If you want to spin both coats together it may be easier to card the fibres, rather than comb them which will separate the fibre types, and be really careful when drafting to ensure both coats are taken up at the same rate. Maybe the outercoat could be spun worsted and the undercoat spun woollen and then ply them together? There are no hard fast rules in spinning, just make sure the singles are spun in the same direction though.
Commercially prepared Icelandic spinning fibre will usually contain both coats, as will commercially spun yarn. The undercoat is an obvious choice for knitting and crocheting, while the outercoat lends itself easily to weaving, needle point and other stitchery or maybe making a knitted or crochet tote bag.
If you plan to dye the wool, whites will produce clear colours, overdyeing natural colours results in interestingly subtle shades.
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I bought this breed in as part of a breed exploration box featuring four "Viking breeds" in February 2020. 50g of commercially prepared fibre for spinning.
Hopefully you can see that it says Icelandic with Iceland underneath |
Thursday, 12 June 2025
Norsk Spaelsau (modern) - Norway
The Norsk Spælsau, also known as Spælsau, are a Norwegian breed of sheep that have been developed during the 19th century by cross breeding the original small Gammelnorsk Sau (The Old Norwegian Sheep) with Icelandic, Faroese and Finnsheep breeds to produce a much larger sheep that produces much more meat.
In 1912, the state bought 60 purebred Old Norwegian Sheep from isolated mountain flocks and flocks on a couple of islands and shared them equally between two breeding stations. There, the breeding was planned and managed and the sheep were better fed which resulted in a significant increase in their weight. To increase their size further, in 1920, Faroese rams were crossed with them and then later on Icelandic rams were also used. There were also sporadic crossings with Finn, Leicester, Blackface and Gotland but these had little influence on the size of the lambs produced.
Raised primarily for meat and wool production, it also produces good quality milk. Individuals are usually polled with just 10% occurrence of horns in either sex. The adult ewes reach a weight of 65kg-70kg, about double the size of The Old Norwegian. The fleece that is produces is also about twice the weight of the original breed at 2kg-3kg. It still produces a double coated fleece, like the old breed, but with all the cross breeding the quality of the wool has declined significantly. The length of the two coats are no longer about the same length as they were with the old breed, the outercoat is now much longer and can be twice as long as the undercoat or even longer and is really coarse so the fibre diameters are recorded separately for the different coats. The undercoat is about 31.5 microns whilst the outercoat is 57.1 microns. It protects the sheep from the weather and can be spun tightly for weaving but is not good for spinning into yarn for knitting. The undercoat is still quite fine and soft. Most of the new Spælsau are white, although their ancestors black, grey and brown colours still appear.
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I bought this breed in as 100g of pre-washed fleece in May 2022 but I decided to re-wash this as a precaution, even though it was from a completely different source to where I have bought lots of fleece sample amounts from that weren't as clean as I would expect. After washing I was left with 91g of clean fleece.
There is a lot of really coarse white guard hairs in this fleece. I combed it in January 2024 anyway in the hope that I will have enough of the soft black wool for my project.
It gave me just 31g of hand combed medium soft wool top with just a little bit of the hair left in for texture. I have been looking for more of these fleece on and off since I prepared this one but I have never found any except for one person who wants over £70 for a small bit of fleece and that doesn't include the sales tax or international delivery, which pushes the cost to well over £100 and is a ridiculous price. This small amount of fibre might not make enough yarn for my project so my only option is to spin it as fine as I can and hope for the best.
I spun both singles and plied them on 28th May 2025 and managed to make a 16wpi yarn, light fingering weight, of about 30g/102m. It is softer than I expected and is really nice.
Over the past month or so I had created and printed out all of the charted designs for all of the breeds that I have acquired for this project. I knit the first piece for my project, and there was enough yarn for the piece with a small amount of leftovers, but I couldn't read the lettering. So not being sure if it was because its an almost black yarn or because I didn't use all uppercase lettering for this project, I put it aside and made the next project piece using the yarn I spun from the next breed. I couldn't read the lettering on that one either, and that is a white wool, so I took the decision to undo both pieces of knitting and re-do all of the designs for the entire project again but in all uppercase, just like the first breed project that I did a few years ago.
Somehow, most of the designs work out a few less rows and a few less stitches now that they are all in uppercase and yet it is the same font and same size. I re-knit this one and this time was left with enough yarn to knit a little sample square for a scrapbook that I am doing for my spinning. By the time I had finished there was such a small amount left that it wasn't worth keeping it.
It's not very clear in the photo but it does say Norsk Spælsau on the top line and Norway underneath it. |